Defects in Hardwood Timber Carpenter, R.D. Washington, D.C. United States. Forest Service, 1989. 88 p. (Agriculture handbook ; no.678) Available from U.S. Forest Service. Northeastern Research Station. 

Felling and Bucking Hardwoods: How to Improve Your Profit Petro, F.J. Ottawa, Ont. Forintek Canada Corp. Eastern Laboratory, 1989. 142 p. (Special publication ; SP 515E) Available from Forintek Canada Corp. Sainte-Foy Laboratory.

A Guide to Hardwood Log Grading Rast, E.D.; Sonderman, D.L.; Gammon, G.L. Broomall, Pa. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1973. 32 p. (U.S. Forest Service. General technical report ; NE-1) Available from U.S. Forest Service. Northeastern Research Station. 

Hardwood log grades and lumber grade yields for factory lumber logs Hanks, L.F.; Gammon, G.L.; Brisbin, R.L.; Rast, E.D. Broomall, Pa. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1980. 92 p. (U.S. Forest Service. Research paper ; NE-468) Available from U.S. Forest Service. Northeastern Research Station.

Hardwood tree grades for factory lumber logs Hanks, L.F. Broomall, Pa. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1976. 81 p. Available from U.S. Forest Service. Northeastern Research Station.

Hardwood Log Grades for Standard Lumber Vaughan, C.L.; Wollin, A.C.; McDonald, K.A.; Bulgrin, E.H. / United States. Forest Service. Forest Products Laboratory. Madison, Wis. United States. Forest Products Laboratory, 1966. 52 p. (U.S. Forest Service. Research paper FPL-63) Available from U.S. Forest Products Laboratory.

How to Grade Hardwood Logs for Factory Lumber Petro, F.J.; Calvert, W.W. Ottawa, Ont. Canada. Department of Fisheries and the Environment. Canadian Forestry Service, 1976. 65 p. (Special publication ; 519E) Available from Forintek Canada Corp. Sainte-Foy Laboratory.

Overview of felling, bucking, sawing and grading hardwoods for high value recovery Love, W. Ottawa: Forintek Canada. Ottawa Laboratory, 1987. 12 p. Paper for Specialty Wood Products Seminar and Processing Demonstration, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Nov. 5, 1987.

Tree Decay: An Expanded Concept  Shigo, A.  Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Durham NH.  USDA Forest Service Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 419.  1979.  73p. 

HW Buck for Windows: The Optimal Hardwood Log Bucking Decision Simulator with Expanded Capabilities  Noble, S.; Orr, B.; Pickens, J.B.; Araman, P.; Baumgras, J; Steele, A.  Paper presented at the 2005 National Convention of the Society of American 

Intensive Hardwood Log Bucker Training using HW Buck Dramatically Improves Value Recovery Pickens, J.B.; Everett, A.; Noble, S.; Baumgras, J; Araman, P.; Waniger, C.; Steele, A.  Paper presented at the 2005 National Convention of the Society of American Foresters.  October 19-23, 2005.  Fort Worth, Texas.  9 p. 

Photographic Guide of External Defect Indicators and Associated Internal Defects in Black Cherry  Rast, E.D.; Beaton J.A.  USDA Forest Service, NE Forest Research Experiment Station, Broomall PA,  Research Paper No. NE-560.  1985 22p. 

Photographic Guide of External Defect Indicators and Associated Internal Defects in Black Walnut  Rast, E.D.; Beaton J.A.; Sonderman, D.L.  USDA Forest Service, NE Forest Research Experiment Station, Broomall PA,  Research Paper No. NE-617.  1988 24 p.

Photographic Guide of External Defect Indicators and Associated Internal Defects in Northern Red Oak  Rast, E.D.;  USDA Forest Service, NE Forest Research Experiment Station, Broomall PA,  Research Paper No. NE-511.  1982  20 p.

Photographic Guide of External Defect Indicators and Associated Internal Defects in Sugar Maple  Rast, E.D.; Beaton J.A.; Sonderman, D.L.  USDA Forest Service, NE Forest Research Experiment Station, Broomall PA,  Research Paper No. NE-647.  1990 35 p. 

Photographic Guide of External Defect Indicators and Associated Internal Defects in White Oak  Rast, E.D.; Beaton J.A.; Sonderman, D.L.  USDA Forest Service, NE Forest Research Experiment Station, Broomall PA,  Research Paper No. NE-628.  1989 24 p. 

Photographic Guide of External Defect Indicators and Associated Internal Defects in Yellow Birch  Rast, E.D.; Beaton J.A.; Sonderman, D.L.  USDA Forest Service, NE Forest Research Experiment Station, Broomall PA,  Research Paper No. NE-648.  1990 25 p. 

Photographic Guide of External Defect Indicators and Associated Internal Defects in Yellow-Poplar  Rast, E.D.; Beaton J.A.; Sonderman, D.L.  USDA Forest Service, NE Forest Research Experiment Station, Broomall PA,  Research Paper No. NE-646.  1990 29 p. 

A Simplified Procedure for Developing Grade Lumber from Hardwood Logs Malcolm, F.B. Madison, Wis. Forest Products Laboratory, 1965. 13 p. (U.S. Forest Service. Research note ; FPL-098) Available from U.S. Forest Products Laboratory. www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn98.pdf

Thanks to the NC CFDC of Canada for compiling some of the material presented here.

Last updated: March 14, 2007