Hardwood Defect Tutorial
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Defects that are caused by disease and insect infestation may also pose a threat to regeneration efforts. Defects are also linked to environmental factors of influence that exist on the growing site (i.e. an overabundance in moisture availability can 
cause a butt swell defect). Recognizing these factors beforehand can help avoid reoccurrence through alteration of the forest itself (i.e. manipulate soils and relocate plantation). However, as previously stated, defects are commonly associated with determining the economic value lost.
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